The Consequences of Leah

Leah appears

In the previous post (The Guru and the Grandma) we established that we needed to add a daughter called Leah to the children of my great-great-grandfather Shmuilo Gronim Ilyutovich. We came to this conclusion on the basis of an initial suggestion from descendants of the Zizemsky family, which was confirmed by the strength of their DNA links to members of our Ilyutovich family.

Before Leah

Prior to this, we had no idea that such a person as Leah even existed; she appears to have been born, got married, and died in Russia, and probably spent her whole life in Lida, the Ilyutovich town, but she does not seem to appear anywhere in the Russian records that we have access to at the moment. See the Guru post again for a discussion of this.

Nevertheless, the discovery of Leah has major consequences for our Ilyutovich family. Here is Shmuilo Gronim’s family as we knew them, before we found Leah; this is from the 1903 Russian Revision List (like a Census) for their home town of Lida, which I came across a few years ago - see Let’s say I’m over the moon!

Shmuilo had died by 1903, but he is referred to in the List as father of the 5 sons. His son Shlioma (my great-grandfather) had also died by then, so I have included his wife Mikhlya, with her birth date; this suggests that Shlioma may well have been the eldest of the sons. Note that this list does not indicate who was the mother of Shmuilo's 5 sons. No-one in the household is designated as "wife of Shmuilo"; other women are included in the List, so perhaps she too had died by 1903.

Tracing Shmuilo

The first documentation we have for Shmuilo is from the 1834 Revision List, where he is 9 years old, so he was probably born in 1825. 

The next mention is 16 years later, in 1850: 

Shmuilo’s wife Leia is with him, and his father Iosel is Head of Household. As we have just seen, Leia does not appear in the List for 1903; this is the first time she has appeared in our research.

NB: the original Revision Lists showed the person's age, not their date of birth; I have used the one to calculate the other.

And by the 1858 Revision List, Shmuilo Gronim has a new wife:

• so Leia must have died at some point between the 1850 List and the 1858 one
• neither list shows any children, although at least some are shown for many other families
• however, later records show that Shmuilo had at least two children by 1858 - Shliomo Dovid (my g-g’father) was born c1851, and his brother Shimel (aka Simon Litowitz) was b c1856
• so these two could be children of either of the two wives, Leia or Tauba
• none of Shmuilo Gronim’s other children appear to have been born before 1858, so these later children are all probably children of Tauba

Family structure

The entries in these Lists give us the following structure for the family:

Shmuilo Gronim b 1825

• first wife: Leia (father’s name unknown) b 1826, d c1857
• possibly the first 2 sons: Shliomo Dovid b 1851, Shimel b 1856

• second wife: Tauba (father’s name Izrael) b 1832
• (possibly the first 2 sons: Shliomo Dovid b 1851, Shimel b 1856)
  
• + 3 later sons: Iudel Elia (aka Judel or Elias), Evel (aka Louis), Isser (aka Isaac)

NB: Tauba's children are shown in her colour, blue; we are not sure which of the two wives was the mother of the first two children, so I have shown them in yellow, the colour of their father Shmuilo.

What do we know about Leah?

We are seeking to insert the mysterious Leah into our Ilyutovich family, but we know precious little about her. The only half-way concrete date we have for her is that her son Jacob Zizemsky was born, according to the 1903 Revision List, in 1879; her American descendants suggest the earlier date of 1876, based on later American records. We do not know of any further children. Again according to the family, she died when Jacob was 6 years old, which gives a date around 1882-1885. 

This suggests that she would probably have been born some time in the late 1850s to early 1860s. It was quite common for mothers to have their first births around the age of 20, so we would probably not be far off with a guess of around 1858.

This would fit neatly between the best guesses we have for the dates of birth of her brothers Shimel (1856) and Iudel Elia (1860). So is she blue, or is she yellow?

Where does Leah fit in?

Well, first things first. This is an Ashkenazi Jewish family, so children cannot be given the same name as their parents. This implies that baby Leah cannot be the daughter of Shmuilo Gronim’s first wife Leia; she must be the child of his second wife Tauba. 

In itself, this conclusion does not resolve the question of which of the two women is the mother of the first two sons, Shlioma Dovid and Shimel. However, in the wider pattern of DNA matches, there is a suggestion that these two children share one mother, and the other 4 share a different one. This hinges on a cluster of matches around descendants of Shlioma Dovid and Shimel, that are not shared to a similar strength by descendants of the other 4 children; I will go into more detail on this in a later post.

So my revised family structure now looks like this:

Leah joins the Blues, as a daughter of Tauba, and the first 2 boys become Pinks, as sons of Leia. I have added in the names of Tauba's parents at this stage, because they now become relevant to the story.

The naming of Leah

The Ashkenazi tradition is to name a child after a recently deceased ancestor, such as a grandparent or great-grandparent. For boys, it’s usually the father who has first call; for girls, it’s usually the mother, in this case, Tauba. For both Shmuilo Gronim and Tauba, it looks as though Leah is their first female child, so you would expect her to be named after the most recently deceased ancestor, most likely on Tauba’s side - ie her mother, or if she is still living, her maternal grandmother.

We have a name for Tauba’s mother: on Tauba’s death certificate (New York, 1916), her mother is named as Rose. So baby Leah is not named after her. We do not know the name of Tauba’s maternal grandmother.

Shmuilo Gronim’s mother was called Ester, so it’s not her either. We do not know the name of his maternal grandmother. His paternal grandmother was called Reizel (Rose). No sign of a Leah, as yet.

Is there a Leah in the house? 

We do have a Leia in the family, of course. What if the name-donor for Tauba's baby girl were to be Shmuilo Gronim’s recently deceased first wife, Leia?

It might seem strange for a woman to name her first daughter in honour of her husband’s first wife, but there is another Ashkenazi tradition that could maybe explain how this could have happened. For a long time it was part of the marriage contract for the bride’s family to undertake to provide a second wife for the groom if the first wife were to die. There could also be a contract the other way round - the groom would have to confirm whether he had any eligible brothers who could be called upon to step in should he not survive. Or it might even be reciprocal - the family of whichever deceased spouse would undertake to provide a replacement.

This arrangement may have been formal or informal, and I have seen it happen several times in my own ancestral families. It was a sort of marriage insurance policy, which was intended to maintain the home for the children. And there was a need for it - people did tend to die younger in those days. In particular, it was not uncommon for mothers to die in childbirth, or soon after. This may be what happened to Leia; we don't know and we are unlikely to ever find out.

Sisters?

So maybe the family was following this tradition, and Tauba b 1832 is the younger sister of Shmuilo Gronim’s first wife Leia, b 1826? And the naming of baby Leah would thus be on behalf of both parents, in honour of Tauba’s recently deceased sister Leia, who was also Shmuilo Gronim’s first wife.

If this is what is happening here, it mirrors exactly a case I came across a few years ago. It happened at exactly the same time - 1850s - but in a different country, and involved Jews from a different community. Isaac Frankenstein was born in 1826 in Poland. He came to England in the late 1840s, stayed with the Barnett family in Portsea, and married one of the daughters, Kate, in Brighton in 1853. 10 weeks later Isaac set off for the USA with his new wife Kate and her younger sister Leah (there’s that name again).

They stayed in New York at first, but within the year Kate had died of a fever, and soon afterwards Isaac married Leah. A few months later their first child was born, a baby girl. They called her Kate. You can read more of their story in Who was Isaac Frankenstein?

A revised Tree

If this is the case, and Tauba and Leia are indeed sisters, our revised Ilyutovich Tree would now look like this:

Leah would be half-sister to my great-grandfather Shlioma Dovid, or to put it another way, she'd be my own great-great-aunt. She would also be my grandmother's aunt. Granny (Zlata Ilyutovich) was born in 1882; we think Leah died by about 1886, so she may possibly have seen her niece as a young child. 

Granny would certainly have known Leah's son Jacob, who was born a few years before her. They were cousins, and both were born in Lida and brought up there until at least their late teens.

First Cousins

Jankel Zizemsky b Lida 1876 and Zlata Ilyutovich b Lida 1882

This is fun, Inventing Aunties. I think I might be getting a taste for it.

The Guru and the Grandma

 Hi Michael
"I am writing to you in your capacity as the guru of the Ilyutovich family of Lida!"
- Guru, eh? No pressure, then.
"You come up as a very distant DNA match to my father"
- Ah, a distant match. I've got lots of those. 149190 and counting at the moment on AncestryDNA.
"My father has numerous shared matches who have Ilyutovich in their tree. His grandfather was born in Lida and his name was Jankel Zizemsky"
- Never heard of Zizemsky, but Ilyutovich + Lida sounds promising.
"Jankel's mother died when he was a young child. Her given name was Leah, but her maiden name was lost to posterity"
- Ah, so that's the question. Could great-grandmother Leah be the root of those Ilyutovich DNA matches?

The Guru gets going
My correspondent was RR, and she told me that her great-g'father Jankel Zizemsky was born around 1877-79, and that his mother Leah had died when he was about 6, so around 1883-86. Jankel's father was called Movsha, born c1825, and I soon found him in the Lida records with wife Leia and three sons.

Job done!

Except. The Leia in these records was born around 1819, and the 3 sons were all born between 1846 and 1851. Plus, they did not include Jankel, who was born in the late 1870s, some 30 years later. This Leia would have been approaching 60 by then.  Not possible. Right name, but she's not his mother. Jankel's mother must have been a different Leia, who would need to have been of child-bearing age, say roughly 20-40 years old, in the late 1870s. So she would need to have been born in the 1850s (probably), or 1840s (possibly), or late 1830s (at the earliest).

Impossible women
As we have noted before (Locating Louis Litowitz), there are huge gaps in the 19C records from Lida. For starters, we have very few vital records (birth, marriage, death) until the last years of the century. The census-type 'Revision Lists' that do exist were compiled for the purposes of taxation and conscription, and there were gaps of anything from 16 to over 50 years from one list to the next. And they were not always complete family listings; married women were usually shown, but daughters not so much.

Daughters are especially problematical, as they tended to get married and acquire a new surname, and move household, often to a different town or village. So they might well be in a list somewhere, just in a different place and with a different name. And with maiden names rarely shown, they become almost impossible to trace.

And indeed, although there are a few Leia Ilyutoviches in the Revision List records, none were born in the period we're looking at - late 1830s to late 1850s. Given that she probably married Movsha Zizemsky some time in the 1870s, and died in the mid-1880s, it's quite possible that she missed out on all the records that we have at our disposal, both as an Ilyutovich and as a Zizemsky.

A Tree with many branches
And the Ilyutoviches themselves are not easy to pin down. The 1903 Revision List for Lida, as an example, has 450 Ilyutoviches, in more than 30 different households. My own family, in Household 186, has 24 people; Household 212 has over 40. I have not been able to find an earlier connection between these these two families, or any of the others. Many unconnected families appear to have taken on the name during the course of the 19C. Nobody seems to know why.

So the Ilyutoviches that RR and her father SR are seeing in the Trees of their DNA matches may be nothing to do with mine. Especially since my DNA match to them is indeed very weak: I share 11 cM with SR, and nothing at all with his daughter RR. This could just be endogamous noise, from centuries ago.

Let's check.

AncestryDNA's new Shared Matches feature
AncestryDNA, along with all other DNA platforms, offers you a list of 'Shared Matches'. When you're looking at a particular match, such as SR in this case, this list shows you which of your own matches also have a match to them. If you have some known Cousins on the same platform, this can help you sort out whether the target person is related on your maternal or paternal side.

However, until recently this has been of limited use to Ashkenazi Jews such as myself, as our endogamous history means that people often show up as related on both sides of our family. What's more, most of my 149k "distant matches" on AncestryDNA probably date back to the 18C or earlier, and will be untraceable in the records, which only reach back to the late 18C at best. In any case, our Autosomal DNA loses all potential for matching after 6 generations or so.

A few months ago AncestryDNA introduced an upgrade to their Shared Matches feature, as part of their 'Pro Tools' package (warning: you pay a few ££ extra for this) . The key step forward is that they now show you the strength of the matches your target has with the people you match in common - not just the fact that they match, but how strong that match is, measured in cM (centiMorgans, the term used for the length of a segment of DNA). This could be significant because the more cM two people have in common, the closer their relationship is likely to be.

My Ilyutovich Cousins are quite well represented on AncestryDNA - I have matches with around 20 of them, so hopefully some of them will show up as matches to SR, and we will now be able to see how strong those matches are.

Our shared Ilyutoviches
It turns out that eight members of my own branch of the Ilyutovich family match SR on AncestryDNA, 4 in my own generation, 4 in the next. My own generation will be the most helpful, as we are closer to whoever is our common ancestor.

The new Shared Matches feature shows us the strength of each of our matches with SR:

my generation
myself: 11 cM
RS: 117 cM
AL: 134 cM
RC: 20 cM
- RS, AL, RC are all Third Cousins to me

next generation

JR: 9 cM
LK: 16 cM
JS: 21 cM
RL: 19 cM
- JR is Second Cousin Once Removed to me, the others are all 3C1R

What can we glean from this?

The Shared cM Project
You can see that the matches for most of us range from quite weak to very weak, but two stand out: RS: 117 cM & AL: 134 cM. A quick look at the Shared cM Project Tool on the DNA Painter website confirms that 134 cM cannot be further out than Third Cousin of some sort, whilst 117 cM is almost certain (99.7%) to be in the same range. In other words, the DNA says RS and AL are Third Cousins to SR.

Third Cousin means that they share the same great-great-grandparents, who in the case of RS and AL are Shmuilo Gronim Ilyutovich b 1825 together with either his first wife Leia b 1826, or his second wife Tauba b 1832. I also share these gg-g'parents. So despite our weak DNA match, SR and I are also 3C of some description, and the same applies to RC.

The implication of this is that SR has to have an ancestor - probably a g-g'parent - that is a child of Shmuilo Gronim. Could this be one of the children that we know - ie, one of the g-g'parents of the 4 of us in my generation? Or could it be someone we don't yet know - ie, a new sibling? In fact, it would be another 'new' sibling (see Locating Louis Litowitz, again).

And did you spot that Shmuilo's first wife is a Leia? There's that name again!

What Are The Odds?
The WATO Tool on DNA Painter is designed for this sort of situation. We know now that SR has an ancestor amongst the children of Shmuilo Gronim, but we don't know which one. Shmuilo Gronim had 5 sons (that we know of), and this group of matches represents 4 of them:

Shlioma Dovid b 1851: myself and JR (via 2 different children)
Shimel aka Simon b 1856: LK, JS, RL, RS (all 4 from different children)
Iudel Elia aka Elias b 1860: AL
Evel aka Louis b 1866: RC
Isser aka Isaac b 1870: no matches

So, 8 different strands in all. I put this part of my Tree into WATO. It juggles all the DNA numbers and comes up with possible locations for SR and his g-g'm Leah. Each hypothetical location is given a likelihood score according to how well it fits, taking account of all the match information you have entered, ie it considers the structure of the Tree and the location and amounts of matching DNA for each individual.

At first WATO came up with 90+ hypotheses. Daunting, at first sight. However, over half of these hypotheses had very low likelihood scores, so I discarded them immediately. I then looked at the chronology. From the information RR had given me, I was pretty certain that SR would turn out to be in the same generation as myself, but I decided to give WATO a generation of leeway either side. I therefore discarded all hypotheses that placed SR a generation earlier than my own father, or a generation later than my children.

We eventually ended up with this:

Q: WATO - who is the parent of SR's great-grandmother Leah?

WATO+ Tree for SR's g-g'm Leah

Ans: WATO says: Leah's father is in the blue box - Shmuilo Gronim Ilyutovich
 

NB
1) click on the image to enlarge it
2) the target person SR is the one in the red box
3) WATO doesn't know the names or dates of birth of SR's ancestors - I have added them in to this diagram as a visual check that the generations do indeed fit

So RR and her father SR were right all along, in their intuition that his g-g'm Leah would turn out to be an Ilyutovich. Despite our failure to find her documented in any records anywhere, we have managed to confirm that she was a daughter, previously unknown to us, of my gg-g'f Shmuilo Gronim Ilyutovich. So the five sons now have a sister, and we have more new Cousins.

Consequences
Having a sister called Leah has consequences for this family, which we shall look at in a further post.

Locating Louis Litowitz

Seven years ago - yes, seven! - I posted here about a major family discovery that I was "Over The Moon" about. It was a listing from the 1903 Revision List (census) for the town of Lida, now in Belarus. I won't go over the detail again here, just to say that it provided us for the first time with the names of 24 members of my grandmother's Ilyutovich family, only 8 of whom we had known of before.

This in turn enabled me to trace the family back, eventually into the mists of the 18C, and forward, to the present day. At least, I've managed to trace some of them - several of the lines dried up after a generation or two, and we're pretty sure that a goodly number have passed under the radar.

This then is the starting point for my Granny's Ilyutovich Tree - she's Sheina Zlata; her father Shlioma Dovid, and his father Shmuilo Gronim, were no longer living:

I have since then found descendants, including some DNA matches, for Shimel, Iudel Elia, and Iser, who all emigrated to the USA around the turn of the 20C. Evel is the mystery man - this is his only appearance, as far as I have been able to find, in Russian or any other documents. Maybe he stayed in Russia, maybe there are cousins there we know nothing of, maybe, like so many others, they perished in the Holocaust.

One other thing to note in this Tree is that Shmuilo Gronim seems to have 5 children, all of them male. This is not impossible, of course, but you can't help thinking there must be some daughters somewhere. If there are, they don't show up here or anywhere else in the Russian records.

ThruLines or No Through Road?

AncestryDNA has a feature they call ThruLines, which looks through the Trees put up by your DNA matches to see where they might coincide with your own Tree, and thereby enable you to extend it. I'm all for finding new cousins, of course, but ThruLines' suggestions depend on the accuracy of the Trees it uses, and sadly Ancestry's AI algorithms don't as yet seem to be able to filter out guesswork and wishful thinking. All too often I find that these 'ThruLines' can lead you on a Road to Nowhere.

NO THROUGH ROAD

So I was wary when I came across this suggestion a couple of weeks ago:

(click on pic to enlarge)

Shmuilo G is clearly my great-great-grandfather Shmuilo Gronim, Shlioma D is my g-g'father Shlioma Dovid, Shimel is Shimel, Iudel is Iudel Elia and Isaac is Iser. So far, so good. But who is Louis Litowitz? The surname Litowitz is not a concern in itself, in fact it could well be a clue - the 3 brothers who went to America all americanised to Litowitz, and so did several other Ilyutoviches who do not appear to be related to my family. It was an easy name to slide into.

But where does this 'Louis' come from? We've never heard of him. And how come ThruLines thinks he belongs in my Tree?

Looking for Louis
ThruLines indicates I have 2 DNA matches descending from Louis, albeit quite weak ones, and it may well have been their Trees that have prompted the suggestion. So I had a quick look, and sure enough they pointed back a couple of generations to Louis Litowitz. But no further. There are another 3 or 4 Ancestry Trees that detail his family - his wife and children - but no-one seems to know who his parents were. So how come he is attached to my Tree as a son of my g-g'father Shmuilo Gronim?

So I went looking for Louis.

It didn't take me long. Glancing through my immaculately organised filing system, I realised I had already come across him a couple of years ago, when I was conducting a 'Litowitz trawl'. I must have thought he was promising then, as I had downloaded a number of census and other records, but I had not gone any further. So I put all this information into a fresh Tree - and ended up with exactly the same as the others had. No mother, no father.

Head for the Stone
One of the most useful tools in a Jewish genealogist's toolbox is the headstone. For centuries Ashkenazi Jewish headstones have named the deceased person's father. Indeed, until the use of surnames became obligatory across Europe in the 18C and 19C, the customary way for Jews to identify themselves was as the son or daughter of their father. So if we could find Louis' headstone, it might tell us whether he was a son of Shmuilo Gronim. Or not.

We haven't found it. Not yet, anyway. His burial is listed on the FindaGrave website, but there is no photo of the stone. One of his descendants has put in a request, but the photos are taken by volunteers, and no-one has volunteered as yet.

The Names of Louis
We only have American records for Louis, and they all call him 'Louis'. However, this doesn't tell us what he was called in the 'old country'. The name 'Louis' was commonly used by emigrants to the USA whose Yiddish name began with an 'L', such as Leib, or Leizer. Or sometimes, just because. And those names - Leib and Leizer - don't appear in Shmuilo Gronim's family.

So how could we find what Louis' Yiddish name was? Why, on the headstones of his children, of course! (See 'Head for the Stone' above).

Head for the Stones
Louis had 6 children. Ida, Rose and Ethel do not seem to have entries on FindaGrave, Samuel changed his name to Litt but I can't see him there either, Anna's stone is there but it doesn't have a Hebrew inscription. That leaves Mildred, the youngest. Her stone is indeed on FaG, and it does have a Hebrew inscription:

I don't read Hebrew properly. I read this as: "Mikhlya bat r (something)" - Mikhlya daughter of (who?).

I couldn't work out her father's name. I read the 4 letters - the last word, right to left -  as: " y - o/u/v - a vowel - l ".

I did so want it to be 'Evel'.

I asked the experts on the Tracing the Tribe group on Facebook. They said it was 'Yoel'. So I asked if there might be a connection between the two names, Evel and Yoel.

"Evel is how the name Yoel is recorded in some Cyrillic records from Ukraine," came the response.

QED, as they say in Latin.

• Mildred's father was Louis Litowitz
• his Hebrew name was Yoel
• Yoel is written as Evel in Cyrillic script (ie, Russian)
• there is no other Evel Ilyutovich in the Russian records
• so the mysterious Evel Ilyutovich in our 1903 Revision List is indeed the Louis Litowitz suggested to me by Ancestry's ThruLines
• and Louis' great-grandchildren, although weak DNA matches to me (16cM and 19cM) are indeed my 3rd Cousins

And I still have no idea how ThruLines came up with this suggestion, seemingly unsupported by any evidence available to it.

A small town in the mountains

Rabka Zdroj
A few weeks ago we visited Rabka Zdroj, a small spa town in the lower reaches of the Polish Tatra mountains. We were going for the wedding of two friends, and until they said 'Rabka', I had never even heard of the place. So we tried to find out a bit about the town and its history - this Virtual Shtetl site is a good source.

I wasn't particularly expecting to find any Jewish assoications there, and indeed we read that there were very few Jews in Rabka during the 19C. The town was developing as a spa resort for the middle classes of the regional capital Krakow, some 100km to the north, and a few Jews came there seeking work or to set up small businesses in the tourism trade. By the 1930s, there was a holiday hostel for Jewish children, and a small wooden synagogue. A few Jews owned small hotels or guest houses.

The Synagogue

It's the long, low wooden building second from the right, dating from the 1890s. The photo seems to be from the early 1900s. It was destroyed by the Germans, along with the Jewish population that used it, and until very recently few people in the town knew where it had been located.

The Villa

It turned out that our friends had booked us in to stay in one one of these pre-War guest houses, Willa Katarzyna on Poniartowski Street, the main street that runs alongside the River Raba. It's a large family home which had been converted to a guest house in the 1930s. The tourist trade had taken a long time to recover after the War, but the owners have recently re-established the villa as a guest house, and very fine it is too.

As we were leafing through the brochures on our first evening there, and checking across to the Virtual Shtetl website, we noticed something that made our blood run cold. When the Germans occupied the town in 1939, they commandeered 3 of the grand villas on Poniatowski Street, and from 1941 started using them as barracks for a forced labour camp housing some 100 Jewish prisoners.

We were almost certainly staying in one of these buildings.

The College
That wasn't all. The prisoners were put to work extending the building of a local Catholic college, that was to be turned into a Regional Training Centre for the security police - the SS. The 'students' were young Germans and Ukrainians. They were being taught to torture and to kill.

And there's more. The college - once more a Catholic school - is situated on the outskirts of town. There's a sign on the street that goes past the school, pointing to the Jewish Cemetery. A path leads past the school into the surrounding forest. 100 metres or so into the woods there's a clearing, with a familiar sight on the far side - an iron railing, and an iron gate with a Star of David symbol.

The Cemetery
Inside, there's a memorial rather like the one we have in the Jewish Cemetery in Gombin, fashioned from whatever broken bits of gravestones have been found scattered around the town. They had been uprooted by the Germans, and were often used as paving stones or hard-standing; some had been brought in by people who had come across them in their own gardens.

But this is not an ordinary cemetery. It's an execution site and a mass grave. There were a series of mass executions there through the Spring of 1942, in the course of which over 200 Jews were slaughtered. The bodies were dumped straight into newly-dug ditches across the site. These atrocities were doubtless carried out by the "students" at the police college, under the direction of their "teachers". The ditches would have been dug by the Jewish prisoners, who at the end of the day would probably also have been shot and buried in the ditches they had just dug.

A group of local people has been researching these events, and has set up a memorial to the victims.

May their dear souls rest in peace.

Moshe Chaim, Czar of Pinsk: #24 Charting the Matches

The DNA Match Tree

This is what the family tree of my Zaturensky DNA matches currently looks like. You'll have to click on the chart to see a legible version. It shows our patriarch, Chaim Zaturensky, at the top, then his two sons, Movsha (orange) and Meir (blue). Movsha is shown with the two wives that we think we know of: *Chana to the left in light orange, and Sura to the right in yellow. *Chana has an asterisk because I'm not really sure that's her name. Movsha and Sura are my great-great-grandparents, and I am 4 generations down from them, in yellow with a red border. 

My DNA cousins are shown in the colours of their great-grandparents, and with the strength of their DNA relationship to me. All the matches are on the AncestryDNA platform, apart from one. Ancestry has a number of plus points - a huge clientele, a massive database of historical records, and many thousands of family trees submitted by users. However it is - to say the least - somewhat lacking in tools for analysing your DNA matches. So much so that this project would never have got off the ground - it would never even have occurred to me - without a crucial clue provided by a wonderful tool on a third-party platform: Auto-Clusters by Evert-Jan Blom of Genetic Affairs.

The Cluster
The idea behind clusters is simple, and it doesn't even need to analyse your DNA. You just try to put your matches together in groups where each person also matches each of the others in that group. In other words, every member of the group is related to all the others. All you're looking at is whether someone appears on someone else's list of matches, without reference to the closeness of that relationship, so some of the relationships might be quite distant. But they are real. Evert-Jan Blom's Auto-Clusters did this automatically for you. I say 'did', because shortly after I used it on my AncestryDNA matches a year or so ago, Ancestry issued him with a 'Cease and Desist' notice, and he had to stop offering it.

You could think of these clusters as extended-family groups. Once you start tracing back from the members of the cluster, they might point you towards a common ancestor. If you're lucky. And if you're really lucky, that common ancestor may not be too far back, and you may be able to identify them using the usual genealogical methods.

Which is more or less what happened here. A well-formed but mysterious cluster of seven matches led me to the Trees that the members of the cluster had put up. Some of them were quite sparse and tentative, but nevertheless they were full of clues which guided much of the subsequent research.

The Network
And here we are. The original Green Cluster of 7 matches has now become a network of some 20 cousins, all descended from Chaim Zaturensky. Note that not all of them are shown in this chart - there are a few who I have not been able to locate on the Tree with certainty, and there's also a pair of siblings, of whom I'm only showing one. Nobody - least of all me - was aware of the structure of the family; in fact I knew nothing except for the family name, which needless to say, nobody else knew.

Very few people were aware of the existence of cousins outside their own branch, and those that did, the knowledge was exceedingly vague. The branches of the family had drifted apart over succeeding generations, notwithstanding the concerted move from Pinsk to Peoria to Los Angeles which we have charted during the course of these posts.

The Branches

The Oranges
Here's my relationship to the descendants of Movsha and *Chana, the orange cousins. They had 3 children that I know of, *Beila (see The Beila Hypothesis), Dora and Joseph. I have located 2 DNA Cousins for each of *Beila and Dora, and none as yet for Joseph. They will all be 3rd Cousins of some sort to me, as they share descendancy from my great-great-grandfather Movsha; however, since these cousins do not share my great-great-grandmother Sura, they are half-cousins to me:

DP and PB are ½3C, as they are the same generation as me
KS and JM are ½3C1R (once-removed), as they are a generation below me

We also have to take into consideration that Ashkenazi Jews are a historically endogamous population, marrying within the community across many centuries. This has led to them sharing much more 'background' DNA with each other than is the case in other, non-endogamous, populations. This could become significant in cases where one person in a match has two AJ parents, and so has 100% AJ DNA, and the other has one AJ and one non-AJ, and will thus have 50% AJ DNA. As a consequence, this second person will have inherited less of the 'background' DNA, and the match will (usually) show a lower overall centiMorgan (cM) count.

All the matches in the Movsha-*Chana group have 100% Ashkenazi Jewish DNA, apart from DP; his father was a Zaturensky descendant, his mother was not Jewish, and so he has around 50% AJ DNA. I have denoted this with a dotted border, so that it is easier to take into account visually on the chart when comparing the strength of the matches. At first sight the cM figures for this group seem to fit in with what my research is telling me - DP matches me at 65 cM, roughly half the level of PB (138 cM), who is 100% AJ. And the matches in the following generation, KS  (58 cM) and JM (31 cM), would be expected to share about half the overall amount of DNA with me that someone in PB's generation does, as they only inherit half their DNA from their Zaturensky parents. JM's figure is a bit lower, but it doesn't alter the general picture, as the amount of DNA people share in the 3C-4C range can be quite erratic.

The Greens

This group are my closest cousins, descendants of my 2g-g'parents Movsha and Sura. They had 2 children that we know of, my g-g'm Shprintsa, and a son Shmuel. So these cousins are full 3Cs to me through Shmuel, but they are also related to me via Shmuel's wife, his first cousin Rochel Leah, daughter of Movsha's brother Meir. Which means our common ancestor is Chaim, the family patriarch. Chaim is my 3g-g'f, so these cousins are 4C to me via this route. To denote this dual relationship, via both the yellow and the blue branches, I have painted them green. Of course.

RM and PL are in my generation, and are 3C + 4C to me. RM has a non-AJ mother, yet the strength of her match to me (126 cM) is virtually the same as PL's. RM's sister's match to me, not shown in this chart, is about 20 cM lower.

GM, meanwhile, is one generation above me in the Tree, though there are only 3 years between us. He has a correspondingly stronger match with me (184 cM), and is my 2C1R + 3C1R. And yes, he's the original 'Private Morris', the mystery match whose appearance near the top of my AncestryDNA list set me off on this trail a year and a bit ago.

The Blues

The final group, the blue group, is composed of the descendants of Movsha's brother Meir. We've already seen the family of Rochel Leah; her siblings are Benjamin (Berl), Joseph and Sarah. I have not yet seen any descendants of Joseph coming up as DNA matches, but there are 4 from Benjamin, from 3 of his children, and 3 from Sarah, from 2 of hers. These are all one step further away from me than the descendants of Movsha; our common ancestor is my 3g-g'f Chaim.

DR, DB and MG are all in my own generation, so they are straight 4Cs to me. DR and MG share similar amounts of DNA with me, although MG is 100% AJ and DR is not. DB comes in as a lower match to me, although she has a higher proportion of AJ DNA than DR. 

Something similar seems to be happening in the following generation, where both JR and CK, my 4C1Rs, have quite low proportions of AJ DNA, and yet CK shares considerably more with me than JR. And also in the generation above, my 3C1Rs DM and HH: DM is 50% AJ, HH is 100%, and yet my match with DM is considerably stronger.

These sound like anomalies, where the numbers don't come out as we might expect them to. However, I think all these apparent discrepancies can be put down to the vagaries of random inheritance. That's what makes us all different.

The Next Steps
Unfortunately, at the moment we can't take the DNA analysis any further on AncestryDNA. Unlike the other companies I have my results on, they do not provide us with a Chromosome Browser, which makes it impossible to check the locations of our matching segments, and maybe find others who match us in the same places. Nor can we check how our matches match each other. This is a great pity, as all bar one of my Zaturensky matches appear to have their results uniquely on Ancestry.

There may, of course, be other members of the family who have tested with other companies. At the moment I have my DNA data on FTDNA, MyHeritage, GedMatch, LivingDNA, and Geneanet, and I look forward to finding more of them there.

I am in contact with many of my new-found Zaturensky cousins, and will be sharing the full version of the Tree with them. Doubtless there will be many corrections and additions to make. There may even be further branches out there somewhere - our 'patriarch' Chaim may well have had siblings, and he may have had more children than the two we know of, Movsha and Meir.

And if you think you are connected with us, whether through DNA or not, please have a look at what I have on my Ancestry Tree, and let me know!